Introduction Missionary Style Reformation Translation’s Temporal Task Bible Sediments in the Nahda Chapter 1: The Missionary Bible A Global Perspective on the Commoditisation of the Arabic Bible The American Missionary Surveyors The Levant as Bibleland Inheriting the British Missionaries in the Levant Protestant Rivalries over Arabic Bible Publishing The American Successors Translating the Bible Market Potential is Muslim Conclusion Chapter 2: Bible Competition The Jesuit Bible The Polemics of Bible Translation between Protestants and Jesuits The Biblia Sacra Arabica: A Contrasting Catholic Case The Bible as Gift Exchange Conclusion Chapter 3: Standardising Arabic Calvinist Translation and Semiotic Ideology Competing with the Qur'an Variations of Arabic in a Historical ContextHow Koine Was Reinvented in Fus?aRe-inventing Christian ArabicTemporal and Moral WorldviewsGeographical and Spatial Concepts Chapter 4: Butrus al-Bustani as Translator Reissuing Jirmanos Farhat’s Grammar Arabic Lexicography before Al-Muhit Al-Bustani’s subtle alterations to the Classical Lexicon Al-Bustani’s Etymologies Compete for terra prima Translation as a Method of Knowledge Production Chapter 5: Al-Shidyaq’s Bible as Literature Adab and the Carnal Consumption of the Bible Al-Saq as Carnal Feast, Tradition as Sumptuous Dish The Bible’s Relevance to Modern life Devaluing Translation In the Beginning was Translation: Concluding Remarks